Commuication at Diageo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Commuication at Diageo - Case Study Example The details of the internal communication strategies by Diageo, as discussed in the case study, show that the all the different strategies implemented were mostly focused on the change management issues after the merger. One of the reasons for Diageo's internal communication to be successful is because both the upward and downward communication within the company is made easily possible (Ramgopal, 2008). The company's communication activities are in direct contact with strategies and plans; therefore Diageo sees every communication that is done is to achieve its business objectives. This is because even if all the top level management makes Diageo's business goals and objectives, it is the internal communication process that enables these goals to circulate within the organization (Armstrong, 2006). According to the case study, all the leaders in the company are encouraged to think of communication as a tool, which can play a role in achieving the company's goals. Another initiative in the communication process by Diageo, according to the case study, is the amount of information delivered to the employees. Employees at Diageo are informed about their role at the wider sense of the business. This helps in motivating the employee and once again implementing the concept of unification under the brand name. Another initiative in the internal communication process is the introductio... It has quarterly meetings through teleconferences and short period conferences. 12 top executives of Diageo participate in these meetings. In these meetings leadership community is the object of discussion and reform (Duncan, 2007). There are over 800 managers who are part of the leadership community at Diageo. At the leadership community they have introduced many new innovative ideas that can enhance the internal communication process at Diageo. These ideas include use of a new and imaginative buddy system - where all the top level managers and executives are teamed up with communications team. Each of them are assigned a ''buddy''; a communication guy. This can help in improving the communications skills of all those managers and executives. Then there is also the fortnightly update that is sent to the whole community (Robbins, 2009). That update is about all business developments and achievements, and is sent to the whole group by email, according to the case study. This helps in keeping all the leaders in the loop and once again imposing the brand building of the Diageo. This fortnightly update can also play a great role in the motivation of all the leadership community. Another tool to support the leadership community is through the company's own intranet. This is perhaps the most cost effective and simple way to keep the leadership community with over 800 members together and effectively in touch. According to the case study the intra net is password protected. Each member of the community have access to the information according to his or hers respective designation at Diageo (Clark, 2008). There are also many different activities at the leadership community;

Luxury Industry in France Essay Example for Free

Luxury Industry in France Essay Luxury is artificial definition and cannot be easily transferred into real life. It is a notion of anything that is useless and superfluous in real life. However, it can be often associated with beauty (art, entertainment, design, decor or trend) and remains one of the driving forces behind society’s spending. It is true that luxury speaks and renown’s itself by big spending and indeed, outlandish expenditure is often associated with it. The world luxury market is worth more than $130 billions and France is the country which owns the largest number of companies in the luxury and historically always been trend setter in the luxury market. Some of the world’s best symbol of lavish lifestyle is essentially French (such as Don Perignon champagne, Louis Vitton handbags or white truffles as a culinary ingredient). French is the language of choice for aristotles and diplomats. Shortly, France has long heritage in leading and dominating luxury market and therefore is an appropriate background for my analysis. 1. Luxury industry: presentation The luxury industry is based on prestige brands which dominate luxury market and its spectre e. g. Perfumes, fashion design called â€Å"Haute Couture†, jewellery, leather, shoes and accessories. Fashion and luxury goods have an annual turnover of â‚ ¬ 35 billion in France (campus. org 2006). Main players on the market are LVMH, Chanel and Hermes International. In the sector of luxury especially la Haute Couture, lavishness is a notion difficult to comprehend. The leading designers such as Jean Paul Gauthier kept the introvert and indeed humble image for years, before breaking the bank with their designs. We need to limit our seeking because there are 130 brands in France (Comite Colbert Website 2005) that one third is present on the market. For this reason I have chosen to detail through of a committee in Paris which gathers 70 best houses in the luxury sector and later more precisely LVMH. In last century, the sector of the fashion of French economy underwent a profound change. Home-made brands started to gradually expand and explore wider audience, targeting not only Paris, but also rest of the France and later Europe, Asia, finally the whole world. Their domination on the global market was mainly achieved thanks to outstanding history and heritage of the brands, quality of the product, trend setting ability of Paris and social notion of luxury desire. So, the big creators, both in the high fashion and in the perfume, were steadily replaced as dominating figures by designers. The marketing and the advertising become the most important in the sector – products became increasingly similar so the brand identity was essential. From the end of the 19TH century, some names have led, such as Guerlain in the flagrance or Worth in the haute couture. These designers are at the origin of a luxury depth change by contributing to expand, differentiate and create new background and clientele – from the elites to the masses. This period was dated as the one of the birth of a new luxury and a blooming of the fashion arts. Everything in this section is based on the annual report on â€Å"Comite Colbert† Website 2007. To gather skills and the strengths of every luxury designers, Guerlain created â€Å"Comite Colbert† in 1954 with 70 houses from the luxury brands. This partnership reinforces know-how of each brand and they keep developing it. Furthermore Paris is the worldwide capital famous for its tourism and high quality products. They count 10. 5% of increase of turnover every year (2005). Despite the international competition such as New-York or Milan Paris has to keep its leadership and to make the most to the influence of Paris. This â€Å"comite† or â€Å"Colbert committee† organizes events (catwalks and salons) and tries to make sure that Paris is regarded as a capital of luxury in the world. For the generation to come, they invest in the education of future designers or skilled workers to make the products of tomorrow. In Paris it is endowed with â€Å"couture† college; these have been in charge by the houses to learn traditional techniques. Moreover they work closely with design schools in Paris organizing competition between design schools to choose the elite, the best students of this competitive examination. Every structure, knowledge and human resources is centred on Paris. All of these condition factors are concentrated in only one place in order to build every advantage and to get better and better. Capital resources are due to companies’ investments working in luxury sector and investing in bourse. MSCI World Textiles Apparels Luxury Goods index owns 1,500 securities on 23 international markets (Lefigaro website 2007). It is a reference to investment funds return. Then their strategic setting-up in Paris attracts numerous foreign investors. 2 Demand conditions The second determinant of the diamond model mentions the demand more precisely the home demand, the size and the growth. France is formed by more than 60,000,000 citizens and it is one of the richest countries of the world. Concerning the home demand, Luxury goods such as perfumes and cosmetics, the sales keep their growth until 1989. After this period, the consumption has decreased because the demand has become more sophisticated and restrained. The luxury industry does not work like the other industries. In fact, in luxury buyer needs do not exist. About the fashion design the buyers are interested in the designers’ creativity and they do not worry about their practical use or in fact their needs. Nowadays the clientele, the heart of target, presents very distinctive characteristics. Firstly, it is about consumers in financial ways much more important than average. This social category, elite, has a very particular motivation: it is necessary to answer their desires and not to their base needs. Hedonistic, less and less faithful to the brands, they always expect more in terms of quality, safety and especially from immaterial added value: services, citizenship, ecology, environmental protection and most importantly, prestige and brand heritage 3 Related and supporting industries According to the Minister of Industry French economy has to keep relationship between the suppliers near the designers. In fact, Porter talked about clusters that are means for interconnection and concentration between the companies participating in the making process. In this case, luxury industry has kept a fundamental place: Paris. With 36 of its houses which are their head office in Paris, more than 100 shops and creation studios of 59 houses, workshop of excellence act for the economic dynamism of Paris. Moreover the houses support the local economy employing more than 20,000 people in upstream and downstream. Upstream I by parts manufacturers, wholesalers, art profession such designers, skilled workers. As regard downstream such as distribution or services (e. g. retailers and advising communication agency). They ensure continued existence of professions in danger and invest in order to protect them. In the top 3 of the companies which dominate this market we find LVMH, Vendome and Gucci, both first ones are French what strengthens their luxury image. Moreover on 14 main companies on the luxury market, 5 are from France and 6 are Italian. We can notice that the straight competitor is with Italian luxury brand companies. Moreover French and Italian houses are considered as luxury pillars because they dominate the luxury market. In terms of export we can note the evolution of emerging countries such as China and India which for these last years saw their imports becoming intensified in the sector of the â€Å"inexpensive† fashion. For example, the group of activities Wines and Spirit of LVMH centres its development on the up-market segments of the market. It is also the World leader of the champagne and cognac. This group also owns fashion and leather goods, perfumes and cosmetics, watch and jewellery and each of their portfolio channels dominate the market. We can notice LVMH act in the wine market to expand itself in other markets. In an uncertain world economic context, Moet Hennessy (LVMH President) will pursue during the second half-year 2008 its creation strategy of value and innovation. Numerous novelties will be launched, which will aim at anchoring always more products in the luxury world and at seducing new customers. The firm strategy of luxury industry such as LVMH as we saw is to diversify its portfolio of activity, by adapting every product to every customer’s segment existing on the market. Moet Hennessy continued to strengthen its distribution network in Central Europe by the establishment of subsidiaries in Poland and Czech Republic. Despite a temptation to go abroad to produce with low cost labour in emerging countries, the French groups carry on to invest enormously in luxury industry. This is relied on identity nature. For this reason companies keep in spite of national expensive labour, their know-how and the quality of their production is more important that cost. Conclusion This industry sends products of high quality, to concentrated, attractive, much targeted and much segmented market. Certain brands rhyme with luxury and sensual delight. Behind these names are nevertheless powerful, very skilful groups, which compete ceaselessly in management of the brands, the creativity, the communication and the distribution. However there is factor in constant change such as home condition and factors condition. The issue in France and abroad is that the buyers are increasingly volatile and they can change brand easily because there are more and more factors and competition in this sector. Moreover most buyers are hard to please and competition is fierce. In the other hand the factors conditions pose a problem because of emerging countries have low cost manufacture and can compete better with developed countries. But this country is both buyer both exporting country which is in constant increase. Now a day another issue to tackle: the counterfeiting. Luxury industry struggle against the knock off luxury goods which empoisons the luxury world, it is a struggling war which will probably never be resolved, however it needs to be kept at absolute minimum.

Medieval Art :: Essays Papers

Medieval Art As far as I have seen through my research of medieval art, it is the art of the glorious days of kingdoms, knights, huge cathederals and wars. Historicians can not give dates for the medieval period but I understood that it is before renaissance at around 16th century, around 14th and 15th centuries but not before the 10th. Same as other art movements it is inevitably result of the events, beliefs and daily life of the period’s nations. Religion was obviously very important at that time. Many paintings are about Jesus, saints and angels. Frescos and carvings on chappels’ and cathederals’ walls and ceilings are still astonishingly detailed and realistic even for the viewer of our time. Architecture in the medieval is exaggurated. Because it is based on expressing the glory of god and the kings, huge buildings, castles and cathederals are ornamented with big arcs, frescos and carvings (Notre Damme in Paris is a good example). Animals such as lions and imaginary beasts like dragons and gargoyles were obviously popular among those times’ architects and artists. I think the key word for the period is â€Å"gothic† and it is based on ornamentation. I know that medieval art is effected by oriental and islamic art and the usage of ornamentation, dragons, miniature-like paintings are proofs for this. Scripts seem to be popular at medieval ages which I came up with several times in my research. They gave lots of information about the ages because they consisted of gothic lettered writings, ornamentations on the edges of papers, small paintings (generally religious and miniature like) and huge, decorated initials. One thing I noticed in most, maybe all, of the paintings is the lack of motion. A position of a figure or a situation was prefered. Figures seemed to be frozen, there is no feeling of act in art pieces. In paintings brush with ink seem to be most popular. Ornamentation, which I refered to in all of the branches of art at the

The LEGO History

Today we will be talking about how the Lego company has started out and how it has gotten this far. Back in 1891 I don't think anyone would have thought it would be what it is today. We will be going back to the day that it started and getting in depth about what happened and how the group has grown to be this big today and what the machines are that the legos go threw. We will be getting into the history that most people don't know and uncovering it. The prices of original legos will be shown, the average cost of each lego produced and how much money they make off an average set of legos. The Lego Company begin in the workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen in 1891, the group had a carpenter from Billund, Denmark. Who began making wood toys in 1932. In 1934, his company had made their name Lego. In 1947 the Lego group downed their making in wood toys and started to manufacture Legos. Which today is a major company with a net worth of 5.9 billion dollars. The name Lego is a mixture of two Danish words leg and godt, which meant play well. It is their name and ideal. In the past 80 years the company has moved from a small workshop to a massive company producing tons of Legos each day the exact number each day is 36,000 each minute. The average cost of one lego is 10.4 cents. Most of the smaller sets of lego buildings cost around 8 dollars and the more difficult ones are anywhere between 40 dollars and 70 dollars. The lego company started using plastic after many fires happen from the wood and plastic came available after World War Two, so the group decided to try it out and got a plastic molding injection machine. One of the first toys made with the plastic was a truck that could be taken apart and put back together and the company hit it big on that one. The plastic products weren't taken serious like the metal or wood ones because the customers where so use to metal and wood that they were scared to try something new but Lego advertised and advertised and their toys where mainly directed toward pre-school kids. they never really hit it big in the beginning, it took time and persistence to get their toys made right. They officially got rid of the wooden blocks after one of their last plants burned down. The lego group had such a great outcome at the end if 19th century and still do because they have such a high quality product compared to all the other manufacturing company's for toys. The group started to grow because they made the product safer for the kids, the group made the plastic with non-toxic plastic. The group Lego made it non-toxic because Lego wanted his product to be safe for the little kids handling his toys. In the beginning he started out with around four hundred and fifty workers and it grew over time as Lego grew. Now days the Lego group has around approximately fourteen thousand workers world wide. I have watched many videos of Lego reviews and every single one I have ever watched I have never seen a negative review

Mental Health Nursing Essay

Case Study Report Jamelia I am so tired and drained. I feel as though my head is going to explode with all this pressure. You see I’ve been looking after my mother for a long time, she suffers from anxiety, the illness comes and goes, presenting itself periodically. Although I do worry about my mother I can usually deal with this, I have been for a long time but recently I’ve found myself worrying about my father as well. My father, usually a well presented and calm individual has been acting very strangely the past few weeks. I went round to visit my parents and check my mother was alright and he looked extremely unkempt, he looked as though he hadn’t shaved in a while, and he was wearing dirty clothes. I tried to keep things as light hearted as possible when I asked him why this was and out of nowhere he became extremely angry and defensive which is very unlike him. My mother has been telling me recently that she thinks he’s ‘losing his marbles’ as she puts it, but to be honest I just put this down to her own illness as this is often how it starts, my mother becomes worried about family members and friends when it’s really her who we need to worry about. I kind of put my father to the back of my mind for a few weeks and tried to concentrate on looking after my two children, which is a handful in itself, but then out of the blue at whatever time in the morning the phone rang, a police officer on the phone, she told me how my father had been found roaming around the street not an hour before, in his pyjamas no less. I was mortified, so angry at my father for his behaviour, but the police officer was very reassuring and advised me it might be a good idea to get in touch with my father’s GP, which I did and he put in a referral to the Community Psychiatric Nurse. I think he’s coming round during the week sometime to visit us. I honestly don’t know what else I can do, I am so stressed and run down by this whole thing I haven’t stopped crying, I just hope the CPN can do something to help, or at least give us some idea what the matter is so I can sleep at night. Community Psychiatric Nurse I received a referral from the GP recently asking for me to carry out an assessment on a Mr Hamed Khan who has been displaying behaviours that are a bit out of the ordinary, I also received a police report stating Mr Khan had been picked up for wandering around in his pyjamas in the early hours of the morning. There are many things that I have to rule out before I jump to the obvious conclusion which would be some kind of dementia, the rate at which I believe Mr Khan seems to have deteriorated at is staggering so if Mr Khan is suffering from dementia I would probably sway towards Lewy Body dementia, although, of course, I cannot make assumptions. I will wait until I meet with the family, i will ask them all questions, the majority will be aimed at Mr Khan to answer but I need to see it from everyone’s viewpoint and everyone will be entitled to join in any discussions we carry out providing Mr Khan is happy and willing for this to happen, then based on my observations and the answers i get from the family i will arrange some further tests to get a proper, medical diagnosis, if need be. Before i send Mr Khan for further assessment I will need to ensure a Urine Sample has been taken so we can rule out any kind of Urinary Tract Infection which could be the cause of any confusion Mr Khan has suffered from recently, this is quite often the case in older people they tend to get anxious and confused and this can, and often is mistaken for some kind of dementia. When I go out to visit the family i will ensure they are happy with having a male CPN, and I will meet all their requirements for this visit and all further visits, if necessary. Of course it won’t just be myself working to help the Khan family i will be just one member of a multi disciplinary team who will each have their own role in helping and supporting the Khan family. Sunita’s Needs Meeting Sunita’s needs is paramount in ensuring she is fulfilling her full potential. Sunita’s basic human needs have to be met. Sunita needs to feel loved, at the moment this may be lacking because everyone else is so worried about Hamed that Sunita may be being overlooked. Sunita needs to make sure she maintains her self-esteem, suffering from anxiety herself she needs to make sure she is looking after herself by making time for herself and not worrying about others too much. They say knowledge is power so it might empower Sunita if she was able to learn more about her anxiety, the causes, and all treatment options available so she can make a decision and choose how she would like to manage her illness. Sunita has the right to choose exactly what her own care plan will include, by getting involved in the whole process so it is geared to suit her as an individual and means she can still carry out activities she enjoys which can help her recovery. Hamed’s Needs No matter what the diagnosis Hamed’s needs are all very important, safety is extremely important particularly due to the night wandering and forgetfulness. Hamed needs to feel loved and respected as the head of the household regardless of his illness as this will help his self esteem, his appearance is an important part of this as well. As we have heard Hamed is normally well dressed and clean shaven, and we have to make sure this continues so Hamed still feels as normal as possible, a home carer may be an option to help Hamed get ready in the morning if he feels he would benefit from this. Every decision in relation to the care plan Hamed will be making himself as much as possible providing he is still able to do this and if not an advocate can be appointed, Hamed always has the right to choose. Hamed’s needs will be assessed using different tools of assessment, these could be shared activities, observations as well as meetings, using more than one method will ensure the care plan is as comprehensive as possible and meeting every need Hamed has, in a way he is happy with. Hamed’s physical needs will be met by encouraging him to continue doing physical activities he has enjoyed in the past. Socialising is a very important need, Hamed may be interested in going to a club or even attending a support group where he will meet and interact with people that he perhaps has something in common with. Stress factors for Jamelia There may be several different things which could be causing Jamelia to feel stressed. First of all she has to look after two young children with very little practical, hands on help from her husband. Jamelia also feels obligated to care for her mother when she is suffering from a bout of anxiety. Seeing someone you love and care for being distressed and worried is definitely going to be weighing on Jamelia’s mind. During the times when Sunita is unwell Jamelia is having to look after her mother as well as finding time to spend with her children which probably means Jamelia is feeling guilty, perhaps Jamelia feels she is neglecting her children because she has to look after her mother, all these conflicting emotions will cause a great deal of pressure on Jamelia. Even when Sunita is well, Jamelia has to deal with constant phone calls which may be waking her during the night, lack of sleep may be a contributing factor to the way Jamelia is feeling. As if this wasn’t enough for Jamelia to deal with she also now has to help with her father who is getting forgetful, confused and acting out of the ordinary. Hamed, who is normally a calm, strong man is changing in front of her eyes at an alarming rate, and is perhaps hard to recognise. Juggling so many things, Jamelia is probably not eating properly and not taking care of herself or making any time for herself. Support available for Jamelia, as a carer. There are many organisations out there who can offer practical and financial help to Jamelia as a carer. First of all Jamelia is entitled to a carer’s assessment. The law states that â€Å"anyone who provides or intends to provide a substantial amount of care on a regular basis can have a carer’s assessment. † A carers assessment will look at how Jamelia is affected by caring for her family, how much caring she can, practically, do while still having a life of her own, and having time for her children. There is also the option of getting someone else to care for Hamed and Sunita if and when Jamelia needs a break this can be in form of respite care, which comes in many different forms, for example, residential care where Hamed and Sunita can go for a short stay in a residential nursing home, as well as being good for Jamelia it could help meet the social side of Hamed and Sunita’s care plan as they will be meeting other people. There are day-sitting services which can be used for a couple of hours during the day, giving Jamelia a break, or a night- sitting service helping Jamelia get a proper night’s sleep. Financial help is available to help fund this particular help from local authorities and local councils in form of vouchers or direct payments. Word Count – 1675.

Alcohol And Incarceration Impact On Child Care Social Work Essays

Alcohol And Incarceration Impact On Child Care Social Work Essays Alcohol And Incarceration Impact On Child Care Social Work Essay Alcohol And Incarceration Impact On Child Care Social Work Essay This research examines the impact intoxicant or drug usage and captivity of a parent has on kids. This survey is of import to research the kids risk ensuing from holding a parent incarcerated or on intoxicant or drugs. America is face with a serious job that needs to be address. Many parents are in gaol because of drug usage. Many parents that are incarcerated are functioning clip. This could impact the kid in many ways. Children need their parent to steer them when times are difficult. Most of all we need parents as a society to put good illustration for their kids to follow. It is really of import for parents to be good function theoretical accounts. Parents can non be good function theoretical accounts mistreating drugs or intoxicant nor incarcerated. Who will be the health professional of kids of incarcerated parents? In most instances the grandparent takes attention of the kids of incarcerated parent. This is a battle for them besides because they can hardly take attention of th emselves because of income or illness. There are several plans that help at hazard kids such as: Child with Incarcerated Parents ( CHIPS ) plan, Child Welfare League of America, Vermont Programs and The Children at Risk Program ( CAR ) . Due to the war on drugs the captivity rate in America is at record high degrees, the condemnable justness system now touches the lives of 1000000s of kids each twelvemonth ( Mumola, 2000 ) . Parents who go to prison due to drug usage do non endure entirely, the kids besides suffer. Children frequently have jobs in: school, behavioural issues, adolescent gestation, or go intoxicant or drug maltreaters themselves. Parents who use drug or intoxicant influence their kids to prosecute in the usage of drugs and intoxicant. It is widely acknowledged that kids who parents use drugs face many challenges. Children of incarcerated parents that had abuse drugs are likely to ; prosecute in delinquent activities, bead out of school or be incarcerated themselves. Children affected by parents being incarcerated experience challenges keeping uninterrupted household relationships because of alterations in health professionals, separation from siblings, and limited contact with parent. Through research more than half of the 1.4 million grownups incarcerated in province and federal prisons are parents of minor kids ( Mumola, 2000 ) . The bulk of parents are functioning clip for either violent discourtesies ( 46 % of male parents and 26 % of female parents ) or drug discourtesies ( 23 % of male parents and 35 % of female parents ) ( Mumola, 2000 ) . A important figure of incarcerated parents struggle with substance maltreatment. In most instances the female parent is the primary health professional, in a individual parent place. There is a dramatic impact on kids when their female parent is incarcerated versus their male parent. Who is taking attention of your kid while you serve clip? When parents are incarcerated, the grandparents usually take the function of health professional. The range of this survey is to place that parental substance maltreatment can hold negative effects on kids. Many surveies have suggested that parental separation due to imprisonment, intoxicant and/or substance maltreatment had profound effects on kids ( The Osborne Association, 1992 ) . The immediate effects included feeling of shame, societal stigma, loss of fiscal support, weakened ties to the parent, and alterations in household composing, hapless school public presentation, increased delinquency, and increased hazard of maltreatment or disregard ( The Osborne Association, 1992 ) . Surveies have besides linked juvenile delinquency to alcohol and drug use by teens or their parents ( Okrentowich, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to Parsons ( 2003 ) , one out of four households in America suffers with drug or intoxicant related jobs. Through research it has been discovered that domestic force witnessed by kids can hold long-run negative effects ( Okrentowich, 2007 ) . Parental captivity and related enduring injury, separation, and unequal attention interfere with kid development, ensuing in negative long-run results, including intergenerational captivity ( Block, Margaret, Potthast, 2001 ) . Aim The intent of this survey is to foreground the concerns about: safety, well-being, and wellness of kids of incarcerated parent, and provide ways in which: societal workers, kid public assistance, mental wellness, condemnable justness, baby and kid development and policymakers can join forces to run into the demands of kids and their households. Harmonizing to Simmons ( 2000 ) , the constabulary and tribunals do non on a regular basis inquire at the clip of apprehension or condemning whether a captive has kids. The kids of the incarcerated tend to be ignored by the condemnable justness and societal service systems ( Simmons, 2000 ) . Significance The significance of this survey to the field of condemnable justness is to better understand the incarcerated population and its impact on the kids of the incarcerated. Determine the sorts of hazard factors ensuing from holding a parent incarcerated, and determine when the authorities should step in for the intent of the kid good being. Statement of the job The hypothesis for this survey is that there is a relationship between parental drug usage and their kids utilizing drugs. There is besides a relationship between kids utilizing drugs and neglecting classs. Parents who use drugs act upon their teens to make the same thing ensuing in captivity. Separation from parents can do several jobs with kids such as: feeling wantonness, sad or angry, it could besides take to eating or kiping upsets, lower grads, and behavior jobs. Children that are ages seven to ten old ages of age may hold lay waste toing effects socially such as: acquiring entirely with other and holding aggressive behaviour with kids. Children of captive s ages 11-14 have informants their parents take part in offense, apprehension or captivity. Some childs are affected by the absence of a parent, but many kids can non accommodate with their parent absence ensuing in behavioural jobs. Harmonizing to Dr. Elizabeth Dunn and J. Gordon, Late adolescence is the period over which kids develop a cohesive individuality, the ability to prosecute in grownup work and relationships, and the capacity to go independent and self sufficient. Literature Review Life for households during captivity is complicated by the fact that these are non typically traditional household constellations ( Mumola, 2000 ) . A survey of incarcerated male parents found that half of the population had kids with multiple adult females and were hence non populating with all of their kids ( Mumola, 2000 ) . Many of these kids were populating with health professionals other than their parents before the captivity of their female parent or male parent. Several surveies have found that anyplace from 26 to 44 per centum of kids of incarcerated female parents were populating with a health professional other than their female parent before the female parent s captivity ( Johnston 2001 ) . This is besides true among adult females who have been incarcerated more than one time ( Mumola, 2000 ) . A study done by the U.S. Department of Justice, less than half of parents in province prison reported populating with their kids before admittance ( Mumola, 2000 ) . Research reve als that less than one in five of these households had both parents populating with their kids before captivity ( Mumola, 2000 ) . This is really distressing happening with of import deductions for how these households function both during and following a period of parental captivity ( Mumola, 2000 ) . Captivity of a parent in prison can be called a household crisis. In America, an estimated 200, 000 kids in the U.S. have an imprisoned female parent and 1.6 million imprison male parent ( Seymour, 2001 ) . The increasing figure of kids of incarcerated parents has affected the kid public assistance system significantly. Harmonizing to Seymour ( 2001 ) , the kids in the kid public assistance system whose parents are incarcerated have similar jobs that the remainder of the kid public assistance population households suffer from such as: poorness, domestic force, substance maltreatment, and several other jobs, they frequently remain in the kid public assistance system longer and see poorer results than other kids ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999 ) . These childs have multiple demands that are disputing to turn to ( Child Welfare, 2001 ) . Effectss on Childs Leading by illustration is really of import when raising kids. Children watch everything their parents do. They frequently want to be merely like their parents. It is of import for parents to put good illustration for their kids. If parents who drink or use drugs, opportunities are your kid will make the same. Harmonizing to Markel, MD, PhD ( 2005 ) , the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse ( CASA ) at Columbia University found that parents who use illegal drugs, maltreatment intoxicant, and utilize baccy put 50 % of the state s kids more than 35 million of them at increased hazard of substance maltreatment and of physical and mental unwellness. We know that kids whose parents have been incarcerated experience a scope of negative results. It is hard, nevertheless, to find whether those effects are a direct consequence of a parent being in prison or the nature of household life in the family. For illustration, a few surveies have found that kids of incarcerated parents are more likely to exhibit low self-pride, depression, emotional backdown from household and household, and inappropriate or riotous behaviour at place and in school ( Henriques, 1982 ) . Some grounds suggests that kids of incarcerated parents are at high hazard for future delinquency and/or condemnable behaviour ( Johnston 1995 ) . The impact of parental captivity on kids can be related to a figure of conditions such as: the offense and apprehension that preceded captivity, or general instability, poorness, and unequal attention at place. Furthermore, the grade to which a kid is affected by a parent s captivity may be determined by a figure of variables, inclu ding the age at which the kid is separated from his or her parent, the length of the separation, the degree of break, the figure and consequence of old separation experiences, and the handiness of household or community support ( Seymour, 2001 ) . Few surveies have straight examined the lives and results for kids of incarcerated parents. In fact, most surveies have been methodologically limited in that they looked at merely a little sample or used unequal comparing groups, hence doing it hard to organize generalisations ( Seymour 2001 ) . There have been no longitudinal surveies following kids from a parent s captivity through release. The effects on kids have been often compared to the experiences of kids covering with divorce, forsaking or the decease of a parent. Children of captives frequently report depression, choler, concentration jobs, fright, sleep troubles, guilt and flashbacks, symptoms associated with post-traumatic emphasis upset. Fewer than half of the parents in province prison reported that they had been populating with their kids prior to captivity ( Seymour, 2001 ) . One-third of incarcerated female parents indicated that they had been populating entirely with their kids in the month prior to captivity ( Seymour, 2001. Eighty per centum of captives reported that their kid was populating with the kid s other parent during their captivity, while 20 per centum cited a grandparent as health professional ( Seymour, 2001 ) . Forty per centum of male parents and 60 per centum of female parents reported that they had at least some sort of hebdomadal contact ( telephone, letters, and personal visits ) with their kids ( Seymour, 2001 ) . A figure of kids are present at the clip of their parent s apprehension. Without that parent, kids mourn ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . Some mourn the loss of the parent that was available to care for them ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . Others mourn the loss of what could hold been ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . In some instances the kid is relieve their parent has been arrested because they are no longer able to ache themselves or others, and perchance they can alter during their captivity ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . In other instances when kids are present at the apprehension of their parent, the loss of separation can be compounded by impotence, and force ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . In some instances, the kid may see police indifference or ferociousness ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . Many kids of incarcerated parents exhibit symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Attention Deficit Disorder and Attachment Disorders ( AdalistEstri n, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . Social Stigma Children experience the stigma of holding a parent in prison. For most kids, the stigma of losing a parent to prison is felt in their vicinity, among their equals, and from their instructors and household members frequently ensuing in feeling shame and low self- regard. For other kids who come from vicinities or households where captivity is a more common event, the stigma may be less intense but the demands are non ( Gaudin and Sutphen 1993 ) . Unfortunately, schools and communities do non offer specific plans to assist these kids cope with the loss of a parent to prison. Injury Trauma diverts kids s energy from developmental undertakings ( Mumola, 2000 ) . Children in stable environments use their emotional energy to get the hang assorted age specific developmental undertakings ( Mumola, 2000 ) . However, if kids s life fortunes overwhelm their capacity to get by, emotional endurance begins to take precedency over developmental undertakings, ensuing in delayed development, arrested development, or other maladaptive header schemes ( Mumola, 2000 ) . Children find it really hard to get by in state of affairss characterized by uncertainness ( Mumola, 2000 ) . Children with a parent in prison frequently worry about instability and uncertainness as inquiries about their continued attention are being sorted out ( Mumola, 2000 ) . Some health professionals keep information from kids to protect them, nevertheless this lone make the kid feel emphasis and unsure ( Mumola, 2000 ) . Education Child from substance or intoxicant maltreatment and incarcerated households are more likely to hold larning disablements: repetition more classs, attend more schools and more likely to be awol, delinquent and drop out of school because of gestation, ejection or institutionalized. Children whose parents drink excessively much or utilize other drugs may: be tired because of place events and unable to concentrate in school or other activities, witness physical or emotional maltreatment between household members, or see it themselves, be loath to convey friends place due to embarrassment about the addicted parent s behaviour and unable to concentrate on prep because of combat, tenseness or concern at place. Health professional Who is responsible for your kid when you are incarcerated? Harmonizing to informations from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, the primary health professionals who have been arrested have higher degrees of: substance maltreatment, domestic force, and utmost poorness, families with never-arrested health professionals have less of these symptoms ( Dettlaff, Phillip, 2009 ) . Children of arrested and neer arrested health professionals have comparable degrees of clinically important emotional and behavioural jobs, but these jobs are more prevailing in both groups that are typical for kids in the general population ( Dettlaff, Phillip, 2009 ) . The function parents play in their kids s development and the possible impact of a parent-child separation due to captivity besides highlight the demand for societal service bureaus to happen ways to assist households remain in touch during captivity and reunite upon release, where appropriate. One research worker has concluded that trial can be good for kids seeking to get by with the loss of a parent to prison ( Johnston, 1995 ) . One of the most immediate alterations experienced by the household of an incarcerated parent is a alteration in household composing and life agreements. Most kids are non present at the clip of their parent s apprehension, and parents typically do non state the constabulary that they have minor kids ( American Bar Association 1993 ) . As a consequence, many kids are informally placed with other household members and do non come in the Foster attention system following the apprehension of a parent. However, arrangement of a kid varies depending on whether the male parent or female parent is arrested and incarcerated. Children of incarcerated male parents typically reside with their female parents ( 90 per centum ) , while kids of incarcerated female parents are frequently placed with other household members ( 79 per centum ) ( Mumola 2000 ) . Children are more likely to be plac ed in surrogate attention ( 10 per centum ) if their female parent is sentenced to prison than if their male parent is incarcerated ( 2 per centum ) . The allotment of kid attention duties before captivity influences how much the captivity affects these agreements during the prison term. Although incarcerated male parents are less likely to hold been populating with at least one of their kids before imprisonment, these male parents are however involved in their kids s lives to some extent. These male parents besides provided regular fiscal support and/or on a regular basis visited their kids even though they did non populate with them. Yet, because a female parent is typically the primary health professional for her kid, her imprisonment will probably hold a greater consequence on household construction and operation. Trial Keeping relationships between parent and kid during a period of captivity can be hard. There are several barriers kids of captivity parent have to digest such as: inconvenient visiting hours, uncomfortable or mortifying security processs, and high cost of having cod calls from prison and long travel times to the correctional installation ( McMurray, 1993 ) . More than half of incarcerated female parents do non have any visits from their kids while they are in prison. It is normally helpful for kids to see their parent in prison to assist maintain that parent and child bond ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . However there are frequently behavioural reactions after visits because kids frequently feel the heartache of go forthing their parent one time once more ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . These behaviours are really painful ensuing in the parents to bespeak non to see ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . Surveies have proved that bulk of kids cope with the crisis of pare ntal captivity better when they visit their parents ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . However, it takes clip for kids and households to cover with the feelings that the visits raise ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . While non sing, is sometimes easier on the emotions in the short tally, out of sight, is non out of head ( AdalistEstrin, A ; Mutin, 2003 ) . Programs for kids Two plans that help kids of incarcerated parents are the Youth Advocacy Program ( YAP ) and the Children with Incarcerated Parents ( ChIPS ) plan operated by the Center for Community Alternatives ( CCA ) ( Weissman, 2001 ) . The first measure in these two peculiar plans is to set up trust. Confidentiality is the 2nd measure because most of the clip kids of incarcerated parents try to conceal the truth about their parent ) ( Weissman, 2001 ) . Specific plan s focal point on issues such as: isolation, self-esteem, and shame ( Weissman, 2001 ) . Others focus on developing schemes for get bying with the absence of a parent, developing support systems, substance maltreatment, and understanding the correctional system ( Weissman, 2001 ) . Another chief end is to promote the kids of incarcerated parents to take part in other youth-oriented CCA plans. The Child Welfare League of America The Child Welfare League of America ( CWLA ) is an association of more than 1,100 public and non-profit-making bureaus devoted to bettering life for more than 3.5 million at hazard kids and young persons and their households. Member bureaus are involved with bar and intervention of kid maltreatment and disregard, and they provide assorted services in add-on to child protection affinity attention, household Foster attention, acceptance, positive young person development plans, residential group attention, kid attention, household centered pattern, and plans for pregnant and rearing adolescents. Vermont Programs Vermont has a plan that helps kids of incarcerated parents. This plan is an branch of the Lamoille County Court Diversion Restorative Justice Programs ( Barr, 2008 ) . The intent of this plan is to forestall childs from come ining gaol or prison. This plan is available to kids that have parents or guardian that is incarcerated ( Barr, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Barr ( 2008 ) , research shows that kids who have strong and stable household connexions, do good in school, and are connected with their communities are more likely to be successful as grownups. Through instance direction the CJR aid kids and their households achieve ends within: school, community, and place life ( Barr, 2008 ) . The CJR specializers frequently make place and school visits ( Barr, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Barr ( 2008 ) , over clip, the undertaking has revealed that the most needful aid has been in assisting kids receive preventative medical attention. This plan is the lone one of its sort funded by the provi nce. The Children at Risk Program The Children at Risk Program ( CAR ) is a drug, intoxicant, and delinquency bar plan. The plan is aimed at enrolling high hazard striplings eleven to thirteen old ages of age life in troubled vicinities. The plan provided services such as: intensive instance direction, household services, mentoring, and inducements. The household services were responsible for working with really household member and turn toing really job that could impact the place environment and support for the young person. The instance direction had to find the demands of the young person and their household. The young person was assigned a wise man if he or she did non hold a caretaker in the family. The CAR plan besides provided: tutoring, aid making prep, proving and particular instruction category. For good behaviour inducements was given to the young person. Methodology This current undertaking reveals the consequence intoxicant or drug usage and captivity can hold on a kid. The participants were striplings 11 to 13 old ages of age and parents populating in troubled vicinities, male ( 52 % ) and female ( 48 % ) ( Harrell, Adele V. , Cavanagh, Sridharan, 1999 ) . The race of participants were black ( 58 % ) , Hispanic ( 34 % ) , and white or Asiatic ( 8 % ) ( Harrell, etc. 1999 ) . The primary attention giver was frequently the female parent ( 80 % ) ( Harrell, etc. 1999 ) . The male topics were chosen through a random choice. The females offer to take part from a convenience sample. The major types of variables in this survey was how long did you utilize alcohol or drug, household history of captivity or force, who was the primary health professional at the clip of apprehension, how many childs do you hold and their age, and if the kid of all time had jobs with drugs or intoxicant ( James, 2003 ) . The Statistical plan ( SPSS ) will be used to analy se the variable for this survey. The hypothesis for this survey is that there is a relationship between parental drug and intoxicant usage and adolescent substance maltreatment. There is besides a relationship between adolescent substance maltreatment and neglecting classs. Harmonizing to Markel, MD, PhD ( 2005 ) , the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse ( CASA ) at Columbia University found that parents who use illegal drugs, maltreatment intoxicant, and utilize baccy put 50 % of the state s kids more than 35 million of them at increased hazard of substance maltreatment and of physical and mental unwellness. Children of incarcerated parent have multiple demands that are disputing to turn to. The survey consist of samples from two hundred 20 nine work forces and 50 two adult females aged 18 and older, who were in their first 40 eight hours of captivity in the section of corrections and who were voluntary participants in Arrestee drug maltreatment monitoring ( ADAM ) plan ( James, 2003 ) . Participants of the ADAM plan were selected from all arrestees charged with any condemnable act ( James, 2003 ) . The male topics were chosen through a random choice procedure, and the female topics were taken from a convenience sample ( James, 2003 ) . The survey that was administrated used a questionnaire completed as an dependence to the ADAM plan chief interview ( James, 2003 ) . All the participants of the ADAM plan had to listen to a 2nd informed consent statement before completing the chief study, after which they were asked to finish the 10 minute interview ( James, 2003 ) . The interview was submitted in person/face to confront interview ( James, 2003 ) . Variables used in the survey include the sex and race of the respondents, type of offense was incarcerated for, household condemnable history, history of drug and intoxicant usage and place the drug that was used, age when foremost started utilizing drugs and/or intoxicant, in last 12 months how many times did you utilize drugs and/or intoxicant ( James, 2003 ) . The other variables is refering to the captive kids including: how many kids and their ages for which you are responsible for, who does the kid reside with, who take the duty of watching the kid while the respondent is incarcerated, the figure of yearss of school the kid was absent within the past 12 months, if the kid had of all time had a history of drug and/or intoxicant usage, if the kid had of all time been admitted in a juvenile detainment installation, and if the kid had of all time received any support such as tutoring, guidance, or rearing categories ( James, 2003 ) . This survey examined the captive population and households at hazard and the connexion between parental substance usage and captivity and its impact on the kids of the incarcerated ( James, 2003 ) . Children of incarcerated parents frequently have jobs in: school, behavioural issues, adolescent gestation and intoxicant or drug maltreatment. The kids may besides endure from multiple psychological jobs including injury, anxiousness, guilt, shame, and fright ( The Women s Prison Association A ; Home ) . Many surveies have suggested that parental separation due to imprisonment, intoxicant and/or substance maltreatment had profound effects on kids ( The Osborne Association, 1992 ) .

Canada Boundary

Fifty-four Forty or Fight- The U.S./Canada Boundary In 1818, the United States and the United Kingdom, which controlled British Canada, established a joint claim over the Oregon Territory, the region west of the Rocky Mountains and between 42 degrees north and 54 degrees 40 minutes north (the southern boundary of Russias Alaska territory). The territory included what now is Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, as well as land up the western coast of Canada. Joint control of the region worked for more than  a decade and a half, but ultimately the parties set out to divide Oregon. Americans there outnumbered the Brits in the 1830s, and in the 1840s, thousands more Americans headed there over the famed Oregon Trail with their Conestoga wagons. Belief in the United States Manifest Destiny A big issue of the day was Manifest Destiny or the belief that it was Gods will that Americans would control the North American continent from coast to coast, from sea to shining sea. The Louisiana Purchase had just about doubled the size of the United States in 1803, and now the government was looking at Mexico-controlled Texas, the Oregon Territory, and California. Manifest Destiny received its name in a newspaper editorial in 1845, though the philosophy had been very much in motion throughout the 19th century. The 1844 Democratic presidential candidate, James K. Polk, became a big promoter of Manifest Destiny as he ran on a platform of taking control over the entire Oregon Territory, as well as Texas and California. He used the famous campaign slogan Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!- named after the line of latitude serving as the territorys northern boundary. Polks plan was to claim the entire region and go to war over it with the British. The United States had  fought them twice before in relatively recent memory. Polk declared that the joint occupation with the British would end in one year.   In a surprise upset, Polk won the election with an electoral vote of 170 vs. 105 for Henry Clay. The popular vote was Polk, 1,337,243, to Clays 1,299,068. Americans Stream Into the Oregon Territory By 1846, the Americans in the territory outnumbered the British by  a ratio of 6-to1. Through negotiations with the British, the boundary between the United States and British Canada was established at 49 degrees north with the Treaty of Oregon in 1846. The exception to the 49th parallel boundary is that it turns south in the channel separating Vancouver Island from the mainland and then turns south and then west through the Juan de Fuca Strait. This maritime portion of the boundary wasnt officially demarcated until 1872. The boundary established by the Oregon Treaty still exists today between the United States and  Canada. Oregon became the nations 33rd state in 1859. Aftereffects After the Mexican-American War, fought from 1846 to 1848, the United States won the territory that became Texas, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah. Every new state fueled the debate about slavery and which side any new territories should be on- and how the balance of power in Congress would be affected by each new state.

Why Journalism Ethics and Objectivity Matter

Why Journalism Ethics and Objectivity Matter Recently a journalism student from the University of Maryland interviewed me about journalism ethics. He asked probing and insightful questions that made me really think about the subject, so Ive decided to post his queries and my answers here. What Is the Importance of Ethics in Journalism? Because of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the press in this country is not regulated by the government. But that makes journalistic ethics all the more important, for the obvious reason that with great power comes great responsibility. One need only look to cases where journalistic ethics have been breached - for example, fabulists like Stephen Glass or the 2011 phone-hacking scandal in Britain - to see the implications of unethical news practices. News outlets must regulate themselves, not only to maintain their credibility with the public, but also because they run the risk of the government attempting to do so. What Are the Biggest Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding Objectivity? Theres often a lot of discussion about whether journalists should be objective or tell the truth, as if these were contradictory goals. When it comes to discussions like these, a distinction must be made between issues in which a quantifiable kind of truth can be found and issues in which there are gray areas. For instance, a reporter might do a story surveying statistics about the death penalty in order to discover whether it acts as a deterrent. If the statistics show dramatically lower homicide rates in states with the death penalty, then that might seem to indicate that it is indeed an effective deterrent or vice versa. On the other hand, is the death penalty just? Thats a philosophical issue thats been debated for decades, and the questions it raises cant really be answered by objective journalism. For a journalist, finding the truth is always the ultimate goal, but that can be elusive. Has the Concept of Objectivity Changed Since the Start of Your Career in Journalism? In recent years the idea of objectivity has been derided as a fixture of the so-called legacy media. Many of the digital pundits argue that true objectivity is impossible, and that therefore journalists should be open about their beliefs and biases as a way of being more transparent with their readers. I disagree with this view, but its certainly one that has become influential, especially with newer online news outlets. As a Whole, Do You Think Journalists Still Prioritize Objectivity? What Are Journalists Doing Right and Wrong Today, in Regards to Objectivity? I think objectivity is still valued at most news outlets, particularly for the so-called hard news sections of newspapers or websites. People forget that much of a daily newspaper consists of opinion, in editorials, arts and entertainment reviews and the sports section. But I think most editors and publishers, and readers for that matter, still value having on impartial voice when it comes to hard news coverage. I think its a mistake to blur the lines between objective reporting and opinion, but thats certainly happening, most notably on the cable news networks. What Is the Future of Objectivity in Journalism? Do You Think the Anti-Objectivity Argument Will Ever Win Out? I think the idea of impartial reporting will continue to have value. Certainly, the anti-objectivity proponents have made inroads, but I dont think objective news coverage is going to disappear anytime soon.

Perfectly competitive markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Perfectly competitive markets - Essay Example No seller has a bargaining power over another because the products sold in perfectly competitive markets are assumed to be homogenous in nature. Lastly, the motives of the seller participants is maximization of profit, hence they sell where marginal revenues equal the marginal cost. From these characteristics is driven the 'price taker' nature of firms in the market. Hence it is safely inferred that in such markets the prices set by individual firms and the industry are same; and is determined by the interaction of total market demand and total market supply. The prices set by individual firms and the industry is same; and is determined by the interaction of total market demand and total market supply. From the above graph, it is visible that when both quantity demanded and quantity supplied is at the same level i.e. 800 kgs, there the market will reach equilibrium. At that point, the equilibrium price is $11 per kg. The prices of products are impacted either by a change in the demand of that product, or when the supply of that particular product changes. Bade, Parkin and Wesley (2008) said on the demand side, the change in demand factors including changes in consumer tastes by preferring a certain product over another, when then is an increase in the number of buyers for the product, or when income of the buyer changes (increases or decreases) depending on whether the product is normal good or inferior good. The change in the prices of related products also impacts the demand. On the supply side resource prices, technology, taxes and subsidies, prices of other goods and anticipation of future price changes and the number of suppliers affect the supply. Cyclone Larry increased the price of bananas because it wiped out the banana crop in Queensland, which reduced the quantity supplied of bananas into the market, hence a movement on the supply curve; which led to the increase in the prices of bananas. Price Quantity Supplied Quantity Demanded in A $ in kgs in kgs 15 1000 400 13 900 600 11 800 800 9 700 900 8 600 1100 7 0 1300 6 0 1600 In the diagram, we can see that at $ 15, the quantity demanded is less than quantity supplied, which means 'many consumers could not afford to buy them'. Question 3: In controlling the price of bananas, which have reached a certain high and is unaffordable for consumers, the government intervenes to control the prices that it thinks are unfavorably high for the buyers. Thus, using its legal right, government limits the high prices by imposing the price ceiling (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007). Here, we demonstrate the impact of price ceilings graphically. In our case, Cyclone Larry has adversely impacted the crop of bananas, and has reduced the supply of bananas. At this level, quantity demanded increases relative to quantity supplied. This increases the equilibrium or the market price. This rapidly rising prices of bananas greatly burdens low and moderate income house holds , which leds government to intervene for making it affordable for the masses. It imposes a ceiling price of A $ 8 per kg. For this to be effective, the price ceiling is less than the equilibrium price, which in our example as earlier

Analytical chemistry assignment 12 questions Essay

Analytical chemistry assignment 12 questions - Essay Example In other cases, the matrix can constitute the interferent, which alters the results of the chemical analysis procedure. The accuracy of a chemical measurement explains how close the results obtained are to the true value. It is essential to establish the accuracy of a chemical measurement before interpreting the results obtained from the measurement. To determine the accuracy of an analytical measurement, one is required to calibrate it with a known standard. For instance, you can determine the accuracy of a weighing scale by comparing it with a fully functional one. Calibration refers to the process of comparing two measurements or methods whereby one is of a known magnitude or accuracy, made using a standard device or procedure and the other made in as alike a way as possible using a second device or method. The second device or method is usually referred to as the unit under test. To calibrate an analytical method, one needs to compare the results of the measurement to a set standard and making adjustments as required. The steps involved in making a chemical measurement include: selection of an analytical method, sample collection, sample processing, elimination of interferences, measurement, and calculation of results and estimation of the reliability of the results. To collect toxic fumes from a room, a known volume of the contaminated air is drawn through a glass fibre filter. The sample is then desorbed using the appropriate chemical substance and then analyzed by gas chromatography using a flame ionisation detector. Care should be observed to avoid inhalation of the fumes during the collection and analysis process. Urine collection methods vary depending on the analyte being tested. Drugs differ in the way in which they are metabolized in the body, including the components that are excreted through the urine. Depending on the analyte being investigated, urine samples can be collected during different times to

Common Law and the Doctrine of Privity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Common Law and the Doctrine of Privity - Essay Example However, with implementation of the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 (hereafter â€Å"the Act†) many transformations have been witnessed, consequently enabling third parties to enforce terms in contracts. In essence, the common law is built on a number of key principles that stipulate that the third party cannot have rights or bear the liability upon a contract he is not a partisan. In order to understand the privity doctrine, it is essential to first relate it to the law of contract. A contract is defined as a promise of exchange that is legally enforceable. Additionally, a contract can only exist if there is an offer - a promise of exchange is made by an offeror to the offeree, acceptance - where the offeree delivers whatever has been promised, and consideration - the bargain for exchange or simply price for exchange. In addition, it is important to ensure that there exists enforcement and reliance (Koffman & Macdonald, 2007)1. The common law is in most cases dee med as being unfair. A good example, person A enters into a bidding contract with person B, and one of the agreement is that person B will continue paying considerations to person A’s wife upon his death. However, B refuses to honor the promise upon A’s death. Under the common law A’s wife cannot sue B because she is not a party to the agreement. In this light, is the common law fair or unfair? The privity doctrine exists in the premises of contract law which states that only a party to a contract can impose it. It further, states that an agreement cannot inflict enforceable commitments on individuals who are not parties to a contract. This is very practical and ideal in many circumstances; however, it can give rise to some unsatisfactory and discriminatory results in practice. An example of the unsatisfactory eventuality is if a contract is entered into by an agent for another first, or on behalf of the contracting persons. Therefore, numerous exceptions have b een settled to the doctrine. The precise exceptions to the privity doctrine industrialized from case law and precise legislative provisions. As such, the Privity Act 1982 relates to all contracts. As a result, then Act allows a third party beneficiary to a contract, who was projected to benefit from the contract, to enjoy enforcing rights. Nevertheless, the third party has to institute two key elements, namely, the contract must clearly indicate an intention to confer a benefit on the third party legatee, and that the third party must be clearly identified in the contract (designation). Consequently, the Act is void if the promise is not projected to bring forth an obligation that is enforceable by a non-contracting party. Therefore, the privity Act was aimed at empowering third parties to enforce a contract and be compensated for damages where appropriate. In this light, this paper is going to explore whether the common law position prior to the act was justifiable and whether thir d parties have now been given 'a ticket to ride’. Moving on the same, the Act addresses the concerns of variations of contracts advancing a benefit on a non-contracting party. Therefore, the parties to a contract that comprises an enforceable benefit to a third party legatee may revise or end the contract at any stage with the approval of that third party legatee. Consequently, the contract may also be revised or ended minus the approval of that third party beneficiary, up to when the position of the third party benef

Literature review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literature review - Research Paper Example In this regard, he points out that today, solar power is used even in residential homes for the production of energy used for opening gates, lighting and heating. In addition, he also noted that some cars today are powered using solar energy. Watson also pointed out that solar power also has a lot of benefits. In this regard, he argues that the use o solar power helps in reducing cost since to reduce dependency on traditional sources of energy. Moreover, Watson (2012) pointed that solar energy is eco-friendly and is, therefore, a good move towards conserving the environment. Part 2: The origin, potential, and importance of solar energy. http://solarword.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-origin-potential-and-importance-of.html. In this article, Haluzan (2012) explores the origin, potential, and importance of solar energy. He argues that the sun’s radiation is one of the most important natural resource provided free and is limitless. Haluzan (2012) argues that without the sun, the plant where we live cannot support life. He reveal that projection by the International Energy Agency announced in 2011, showed that, with the invention of new technologies, the solar radiation will provide at least a third of energy by the year 2060 based on the fact the world is currently moving towards the use of renewable sources of energy of which solar is one of them. However, Haluzan (2012) is quick to point out that many countries have not yet embraced the adoption of energy from solar fully because the technologies used in solar lack the cost-parity with fossil fuel. Nevertheless, he also points out that many countries continue to adopt the use of solar technologies by installing solar panels on buildings for both domestic and industrial use. In addition to providing energy for domestic and industrial use, Haluzan (2012) also pointed out that the use of solar power will help reduce the amount of greenhouse emissions to the environment. This will help mitigate the impacts o climat e change and make the world a good place to live. Part number 3: The advantage and disadvantage of solar energy http://exploringgreentechnology.com/solar-energy/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-energy/. In this article, Whitburn (2012) discusses the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy. The advantages in this case according to Whitbun (2012) include the fact that solar energy does not pollute the environment. This is because it does not produce greenhouse gases like fossil fuels. He also noted that this is the main resource behind the advocacy for solar under the green energy technology as countries attempt to mitigate the impacts of climate change caused by greenhouse emissions. Secondly, solar energy is natural and provide free. Further, it does not require expensive raw materials, as is the case with fossil fuel. Thirdly, Whitbun (2012) notes that the use of solar power is advantageous because it offers decentralization of power since it create self-reliance in socie ty. In addition, he points out that solar power, unlike other sources of energy can be produced on or off the grid (powersourcesolar.com, n.d). Other advantages pointed out by Whitbun (2012) include that fact that its production helps in job creation, as well as saving the ecosystem and people among others. However, Whitbun

Charles Brockden Brown's Edgar Huntly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Charles Brockden Brown's Edgar Huntly - Essay Example According to Cobbett, â€Å"it is the Indians who are considered to be the most dangerous of all the nation’s ‘aliens and enemies.’† (p. 437) It means that in case the American government decided to go into war against the Indians, the American Indians would be left no choice but to side with the Americans. This could be possible in case the nation fights against another nation. However, there will always be some instances wherein this statement cannot be applied into the real situation. alone. By simply going through the process of naturalization, the American Indians would eventually lose their traditional Indian culture in exchange with the American culture. In the process, the American Indians would eventually act and be known as part of the American nation who would be left with no choice but to give up their traditional way of doing things. Perhaps if not within themselves†¦ it could be with the next generation to come when their children decide to inter-marry another American citizen. It has also been mentioned that it is the ‘duty of all the Americans’ to hunt down individuals who go against the U.S. government, becomes a traitor to the society, or has done actions that are against the law. (p. 438) It means that every American Indians are obliged to report any suspicious Indians who do not abide with the U.S. law. In order words, the situation could become a fight between the American Indians and the other Indians. At the first part of the story, this has become evident in the life of Edgar Huntly. However, the story ends up proving that blood will always be thicker than water. The duty of Edgar as an American Indian can be traced in the story back when Edgar suspected Clithero to be the associated with Waldegrave’s murder, the surrogate father of Edgar. (pp. 441 - 443) Edgar suspected Clithero purely based on the physical description

Literature review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literature review - Research Paper Example In this regard, he points out that today, solar power is used even in residential homes for the production of energy used for opening gates, lighting and heating. In addition, he also noted that some cars today are powered using solar energy. Watson also pointed out that solar power also has a lot of benefits. In this regard, he argues that the use o solar power helps in reducing cost since to reduce dependency on traditional sources of energy. Moreover, Watson (2012) pointed that solar energy is eco-friendly and is, therefore, a good move towards conserving the environment. Part 2: The origin, potential, and importance of solar energy. http://solarword.blogspot.com/2012/10/the-origin-potential-and-importance-of.html. In this article, Haluzan (2012) explores the origin, potential, and importance of solar energy. He argues that the sun’s radiation is one of the most important natural resource provided free and is limitless. Haluzan (2012) argues that without the sun, the plant where we live cannot support life. He reveal that projection by the International Energy Agency announced in 2011, showed that, with the invention of new technologies, the solar radiation will provide at least a third of energy by the year 2060 based on the fact the world is currently moving towards the use of renewable sources of energy of which solar is one of them. However, Haluzan (2012) is quick to point out that many countries have not yet embraced the adoption of energy from solar fully because the technologies used in solar lack the cost-parity with fossil fuel. Nevertheless, he also points out that many countries continue to adopt the use of solar technologies by installing solar panels on buildings for both domestic and industrial use. In addition to providing energy for domestic and industrial use, Haluzan (2012) also pointed out that the use of solar power will help reduce the amount of greenhouse emissions to the environment. This will help mitigate the impacts o climat e change and make the world a good place to live. Part number 3: The advantage and disadvantage of solar energy http://exploringgreentechnology.com/solar-energy/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-energy/. In this article, Whitburn (2012) discusses the advantages and disadvantages of solar energy. The advantages in this case according to Whitbun (2012) include the fact that solar energy does not pollute the environment. This is because it does not produce greenhouse gases like fossil fuels. He also noted that this is the main resource behind the advocacy for solar under the green energy technology as countries attempt to mitigate the impacts of climate change caused by greenhouse emissions. Secondly, solar energy is natural and provide free. Further, it does not require expensive raw materials, as is the case with fossil fuel. Thirdly, Whitbun (2012) notes that the use of solar power is advantageous because it offers decentralization of power since it create self-reliance in socie ty. In addition, he points out that solar power, unlike other sources of energy can be produced on or off the grid (powersourcesolar.com, n.d). Other advantages pointed out by Whitbun (2012) include that fact that its production helps in job creation, as well as saving the ecosystem and people among others. However, Whitbun

Deaf community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Deaf community - Essay Example They usually feel that they are primarily a linguistic minority and are not in any need of healing for their situations than are other minority groups such as Hispanics and Haitians. The Deaf community has got social values and norms specific to their society, which are passed down from one generation to another and recruits its members in an exclusive style. Generally, human culture within Deaf community is passed down from one family to another. Since 90% of all deaf children have got two hearing parents, it’s only a minority of Deaf community members that obtain their distinctive social skills and cultural identity at their homes. Most children who are deaf learn about deaf culture, mostly from other children, in schools for the Deaf, dormitory leaders and teachers. The Deaf community is very cohesive and nonetheless their cultural link is also very strong and usually a high percentage of the members, around 90% do marry within the group. Made up of individuals using the American Sign Language, as their basic way of communication, members of the Deaf community have over their history of 150 years expanded a wealthy folklore and social life. Through the ir very own individual efforts to cater for their own wants, Deaf individuals have been able to organize national wide and international networks of religious, social, athletic scholarly, literary and dramatic organizations catering for local, national and international memberships. For instance, every other four years, the World Games for Deaf, that is (the Deaf Olympics) do coalesce athletes who are deaf from several countries for competition of international awards. There are other Deaf Organizations through which the Deaf community has impacted the society; Gallaudet University-is the world’s leader in career development and liberal education for the deaf and other students hard of hearing. The university is

Supply of Music after the Introduction of Internet Marketing Essay Example for Free

Supply of Music after the Introduction of Internet Marketing Essay Internet allows the labels to make the distribution directly to the customers bypassing the retailers. Internet eliminates the necessity of the retailers and by this way the recording companies are able to add the amounts payable to the retailers to their own revenues. Since the retailers were to be paid a considerable portion of the total revenue generated the recording companies always finds ways to eliminate the retailers and garner the additional revenues. 1. Another impact internet had on the music industry is the reduction in revenues as a result of piracies and illegal copying of the music products. Though the proportion of such illegal copying is very less in the past with the advancements in the technology with ‘compression protocols and high-speed internet connections’ have resulted in a large manifestation of this issue especially in the college campuses. The websites like Napster that provide free software and central website to download the required songs, have proliferated the problem of illegal copying. In the post-web period that is after the introduction of the internet marketing of the music products, the music industry has been subjected to the threat of a wide spread piracy which has the effect of affecting the sale of the original products. These piracies take the form of piracy of Compact Discs, private burning of the CDs and the peer-to-peer swapping of music files online through the internet. Out of these the biggest threat to the music industry is the peer-to-peer (P2P) supply networks facilitated by the internet. In the P2P networks the exchange of music takes place by the swapping of music files through the internet. Under P2P there is an utter disregard of the labels of the records and P2P bypasses any restrictions and allows the swapping of music files by the consumers without the payment of any money to the record company. P2P also enables the artists to supply the music without the knowledge and control of the record companies. The introduction of MP3 technology along with the possibility of file sharing has enabled the supply of music over the internet much easier and directly to the consumers on their personal computers. As a technical advancement the easy accessibility of music in the personal computers facilitated the proliferation of other portable audio devices that enable the MP3 files to be transferred to these portable devices after downloading from the personal computer. These portable devices could easily be carried around by the consumers. The portable audio devices have the distinct advantage of being small and easy to carry along. These devices enable the consumer to listen to the music while moving around, travelling or while doing exercises. The advent of these smaller audio devices has in effect enhanced the demand for music over the internet as it is possible to transfer the music to these devices from the personal computers where the music is already downloaded via internet. As shown in the figure below the role of internet has increased significantly during the recent periods in the supply of music. So long as the consumers download the music that carries a copyright, in a legitimate way after making payment to the online trading organizations the position of the record companies can be considered safe. In fact internet offers a wide scope to the music industry as the newly emerging digital technologies offers music to large groups of people and enables the audience to have access to their favorite artistes. The internet also offers the possibility of accessing old, new and unusual music at very competitive and affordable prices. (Gerard F. Lewis et al 2005) On the darker side of the internet, it offers scope for music piracies. There is nothing new about the piracy in the music industry. But according to Hammersley, (2002) the scale and ease with which the music piracy is attempted in the internet is really frightening. Source: Parikh (1999) With the advancement in the technology now it is possible to download any piece of music from the internet without paying the charges or cost to the online trading company. This amounts to the pirating of the music piece. Napster, the American company is the famous promoter of such technology for downloading the music from the internet without payment. Thus the new technologies have broken the control of the record company owning the rights for the content form preventing such unauthorized downloads. It made the record companies to realize that they have underestimated the threat to the industry from the piracy and have been very sluggish in reacting to protect their interests. The protection of their rights from illegal trespass would involve the registration and protection of their copyrights more strongly. (Gerard F. Lewis et al 2005) One of the basic business models of the music industry is to make music stars. A music star is made when the music created by the musicians fits into a well defined set of factors that can stimulate the demand of a majority of consumers universally. Here what comes into fore is the music consumers’ needs and preferences. There are certain variables that initialize the customers’ needs and preferences. Rosen (1983) observes musicians with lesser talent are easily substituted by those with more talents. It is also quite possible in the present day context of the availability modern communication technologies like internet and television to reach an audience of unlimited magnitude. Because of this trend there is always the possibility that the musicians with greater talent will always prevail over the musicians with comparatively lesser talent. Using the economic theory advocated by the renowned economist Marshall (1920) it can be pointed out that the technological advancement is the key factor in determining the music industry’s demand. But in addition the ‘talent’ can also be regarded as the deciding factor for the demand. But the only issue with talent is that it cannot be measured. The influence of social pressure also plays a key role in the determination of the need and preferences of the customer. The influence of peer group also changes the customers’ preferences as per the study conducted by Johnstone and Katz (1957) In this case attendance to concerts by music celebrities or listening to their works is considered as a necessity to form a basis of communicating with each other in any peer group. But social pressure is also another variable that cannot be measures as in the case of talent. Hence it may not be precisely possible to identify the extent of the impact of these variables on the customers’ preferences. The other variables that influence the online music consumers’ preferences are the individual tastes, knowledge about music, communication possibilities and the portion of the income that is apportioned by the consumer for music related expenses. Crain and Tollison (1997) identified that the amount of income reserved for music determines the quality and taste of the music as with lesser cost the consumer can listen to the music by non-stars than spending more to listen to music by celebrity stars. The last but not the least criteria is the ‘music time’ denoting the time that can be undividedly distributable for listening to music. This also determines the customers’ needs and preferences over the music online.

UK Telecommunications Management of Interest Rates

UK Telecommunications Management of Interest Rates INTRODUCTION In business world today many companies are faced with the increase in volatility of financial markets which has lead to increase in financial price risk. Many companies are faced with exposure to financial risk which are caused by unanticipated exchange rate and interest rate movements. These unanticipated movement in exchange rate which is caused by international competition can results into large gain or loss if the risk is not managed properly. Exchange rate movement generate business risks which can vary the current foreign assets and liabilities and interest rate movement can have indirect impact on companys value on its future cash flows. Domestic and multinational companies who are faced with these kind of risks must assure that they control these risks otherwise if they are unmanaged then this can result into total failure of business. Financial Institutions have introduced different products to help companies in risk management. These products are Forward contracts on exchange rate, Futures contracts, Interest rate swaps and Options. Forward contract being the oldest product to be introduced to manage both foreign exchange and interest rate risks. 1.1 Problem statement Changes in business environment and increase in movement of interest rate and exchange rate has resulted into rise in financial risk exposure. These movements can affect not only companys profit but also companys survival in indirect way. Financial risks management has turn to be a significant area of pertain for UK corporations. Therefore this proposal attempt to find out how UK Telecommunications industry handle financial risks in an increasing business risk environment. Research aim and objectives Aim The main aim of the study is to determine how firms in UK Telecommunications industry manage interest rate and foreign exchange financial risks by looking into use of derivatives. 1.3 Research Objectives The primary objectives of the research will be; To determine how companies manage risk To determine whether derivatives are used or not To determine which derivatives are used and for what purpose Disclosure of financial instruments 1.4 Research Questions The following research questions will guide this research How companies manage risk? Are derivatives used or not used? Which derivatives are used and for what purpose? What are the disclosure of financial instruments? 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Derivatives are financial instruments whose values are deduced from some underlying assets or rate/price. Derivatives are now of paramount importance to the business world, with imaginary value of more than $200 trillion of these derivatives are being traded on coordinated and over the counter markets in 2004 (Bank for International Settlements, 2004). The financial products which are provided by FinanciaI Institution are options, futures contract, forward contract and interest rate swap. The common Interest rate derivative is Interest rate swaps and others are future contracts and interest rate options while for foreign exchange derivatives are forwards contracts, currency swaps, foreign exchange futures and options. Forward contract gives the owner the obligation to buy an asset at set price and maturity date as agreed in the contract. Future as like forward but in futures are public traded while forwards are private contracts. Unlike future and forward, options give the owner the right but not obligation to buy or sell an asset at a fixed price on or before specified date (Prevost et al, 2000). Derivatives are used to cut down cash flows and earnings volatility caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, interest rates and other risk factors (Barton J, 2000). Use of financial derivatives is widespread, especially among large publicly traded companies and is still increasing sharply. For example, in a study done by Guay and Kothari, (2003) based on annual reports information of 413 largest firms in the U.S revealed that 57% were using derivatives. In another study of 314 Fortune 500 firms showed that 72% were using derivatives (Barton J, 2001). Mallin et al. (2001) did survey analysis on the use of derivatives in risk management, he mailed questionnaire to 800 UK non financial firms listed on London stock exchange. Results showed that of 231 respondents 32% were applying at least one derivative instrument. Another researchers Bodnar et al (2003) studied derivative usage in managing risk to 167 non-financial Netherlands firms and revealed 84 usable responses which is 50.3%. In India a study was conducted to examine derivatives usage in managing foreign exchange risk to 640 companies which were faced with foreign exchange exposure and results showed that 70.4% of respondents used foreign exchange derivatives to manage risk (Anand and Kaushik 2007). Whilst many firms use derivatives in managing risk, misuse of it may result into major losses. This was proved by Karpinsky (1998) who revealed companies like Sumitomo Corporation lost $3,500 million in 1996 because of copper future. On the other hand El-Masry (2003) collected data from questionnaire mailed to 401 non financial companies listed on London stock exchange, 50% of respondents did not use derivatives because the risk exposure was not substational. Likewise suryey done by Bodnar et al (1995) revealed lower use of derivatives and the reason being low insignificant exposure. Regarding to mostly used derivatives to manage risk exposure, survey done by Marshall (1997) pointed that options, swaps and forwards were normally used to manage interest rate and foreign exchange risks. In El-Masry (2003) survey of UK non financial firms, results indicated that firms use options at 29.4%, forward/future at 23.7% and swaps 23.1%. 3.0. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research design This study will be conducted as a quantitative survey Sources of data The main source of data will be the annual reports of 10 companies in the UK telecommunications industry for the past three years. Documentary source Bell (1999) state documentary source involves the reading of relevant information from library source such as text books, journals, newspapers and internet. Secondary source will enable a researcher to conduct broad investigation and help confirm the reliability of the findings given that the findings may be subjective and this source will be used as well to cut down reliance on the annual reports as the main source of data used in the study. Sampling selection Selection of sample will be based on the public data information of the companies and the eligibility criteria will base on following factors; The company must be in the telecommunication services industry The company must be either a Domestic or a Multinational one which is exposed to financial risks as an outcome of international competition The company should be among of the listed London Stock Exchange companies Data analysis Data collected will be analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and presented using frequency table. 4. CONCLUSION Measuring and managing financial risk exposure are crucial functions in cutting down companies vulnerabilities from major exchange and interest rate movements. Financial derivatives are very important in risk management of corporations 5. REFERENCE Anand m., Kaushik k. p., (2007).Management Motivations for Use of Foreign Currency Derivatives in India, IIML Working Paper Series. Bank for International Settlements. (2004). Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivatives Market Activity in 2004. http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx05.htm. Barton, J. (2001). Does the Use of Financial Derivatives Affect Earnings Management Decisions? The Accounting Review, 76, 1-26. Bell, Judith. (1999). Doing your Research Project: A guide for first time researcher in Education: 3rd Edition Buckingham, Open University press.UK Bodnar g. m., de jong a., macrae v., (2003). The impact of Institutional Differences on Derivatives Usage: a Comparative Study of US and Dutch Firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, European Financial Management vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 271-297. El-masry a.,(2003) A survey of derivatives use by UK non financial companies, Social science research network Manchester Business School pg.455. Grant, K. and Marshall, A. P. (1997), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Large UK companies and derivativesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, European Financial Management, vol. 3 no. 2, pp. 191-208. Guay W Kothari, S. P. (2003). How Much Do Firms Hedge with Derivatives? Journal of Financial Economics, 70, 423-461. Hentschel, L., Kothari, S. P. (2001). Are Corporations Reducing or Taking Risks with Derivatives. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 36, 93-118. Mallin c.; Ow-yong k. and Reynolds m.,(2001) Derivatives usage in UK non-financial listed companies, The European Journal of Finance Vol. 7 (2001), pp. 63-91. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students. 4th Edition. Pearson Education Limited UK. Prevost, A. K., Rose, L. C., Miller, G. (2000). Derivatives Usage and Financial Risk Management in Large and Small Economies: A Comparative Analysis. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 27, 733-759.

Health: A Social Phenomenon Essay -- Health Care

Introduction With movements made by the governments and medical professionals of developed countries in the interests of giving patients more choice, the definition of â€Å"healthy,† especially in contemporary society, has become subjective (Freemantle and Hill 2002, Armstrong 1995, Bury 2008, Van Krieken et al. 2006: 379-380). Variations in interpretation appear between groups divided along socio-political, demographical lines, or even between individuals themselves (Freemantle and Hill 2002: 864, Heath 2005: 954, Blaxter 2000:44, Van Krieken et al. 2006). This ambiguity has underscored debates and conflicts in recent years between patients, academics, politicians, and medical practitioners on issues of medical authority, the extent of involvement in the decision making process over personal health as well as the health of others related to them through social structures and institutions (Van Krieken et al. 2006, Blaxter 2000, Bury 2008, White 2002). This essay will attempt to illustrate how â€Å"health† is a social phenomenon through the examination of power and inequality. It will focus on the social causes and effects of medicalisation and how the attitudes and positions people occupy in society influence their medical needs. This essay will also highlight some of the challenges faced by the societies around the world in addressing medical inequality. Medical dominance and medicalisation According to Foucault and Illich (in Van Krieken et al. 2006: 351-352), doctors and the medical profession have traditionally been empowered by their knowledge as the authority that society defers to with regards to the definition of disease and health. With improvements in medical technology as well as the advent of the hospital, an evolution... ...London: SAGE. Broom, D.H. and Woodward, R.V. (1996) ‘Medicalisation reconsidered: toward a collaborative approach to care’ in Sociology of Health and Illness, 18, 3: 357-378. Freemantle, N. and Hill, S. (2002) ‘Medicalisation, limits to medicine, or never enough money to go around?’ in British Medical Journal, 324: 864-865. Foucault, M. (2003) The Birth of the Clinic, London: Routledge. Heath, I. (2005), ‘Who needs health care- the well or the sick?’ in British Medical Journal, 330: 954-956. Moynihan, R. and Smith, R (2002) ‘Too much medicine?’ in British Medical Journal, 324: 859-860. Van Kreiken, R. Habbis, D. Smith, P. Hutchins, B. Haralambos, M. Holborn, M. (2006), Sociology: Themes and Perspectives (3rd ed), French Forest: Pearson Longman. White, K. (2002) ‘Race, Ethnicity and Health’ in An introduction to the sociology of health and illness, London: SAGE.